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Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,〔 * Magnani, L. "Abduction, Reason, and Science: Processes of Discovery and Explanation". ''Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001''. xvii. 205 pages. Hard cover, ISBN 0-306-46514-0. * R. Josephson, J. & G. Josephson, S. "Abductive Inference: Computation, Philosophy, Technology" ''Cambridge University Press, New York & Cambridge (U.K.)''. viii. 306 pages. Hard cover (1994), ISBN 0-521-43461-0, Paperback (1996), ISBN 0-521-57545-1. * Bunt, H. & Black, W. "Abduction, Belief and Context in Dialogue: Studies in Computational Pragmatics" ''(Natural Language Processing, 1.) John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2000''. vi. 471 pages. Hard cover, ISBN 90-272-4983-0 (Europe), 1-58619-794-2 (U.S.) 〕 abductive inference〔R. Josephson, J. & G. Josephson, S. "Abductive Inference: Computation, Philosophy, Technology" ''Cambridge University Press, New York & Cambridge (U.K.)''. viii. 306 pages. Hard cover (1994), ISBN 0-521-43461-0, Paperback (1996), ISBN 0-521-57545-1.〕 or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning as "inference to the best explanation".〔Sober, Elliot. Core Questions in Philosophy,5th edition.〕 The fields of law,〔See, e.g. ''Analysis of Evidence, 2d ed.'' by Terence Anderson (Cambridge University Press, 2005)〕 computer science, and artificial intelligence research〔For examples, see "(Abductive Inference in Reasoning and Perception )", John R. Josephson, Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research, Ohio State University, and ''Abduction, Reason, and Science. Processes of Discovery and Explanation'' by Lorenzo Magnani (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001).〕 renewed interest in the subject of abduction. Diagnostic expert systems frequently employ abduction. ==History== The American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) first introduced the term as "guessing".〔Peirce, C. S. * "On the Logic of drawing History from Ancient Documents especially from Testimonies" (1901), ''Collected Papers'' v. 7, paragraph 219. * "PAP" (to an Apology for Pragmatism" ), MS 293 c. 1906, ''New Elements of Mathematics'' v. 4, pp. 319-320. * A Letter to F. A. Woods (1913), ''Collected Papers'' v. 8, paragraphs 385-388. (See under "(Abduction )" and "(Retroduction )" at ''Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms''.)〕 Peirce said that to ''abduce'' a hypothetical explanation from an observed circumstance is to surmise that may be true because then would be a matter of course.〔Peirce, C. S. (1903), Harvard lectures on pragmatism, ''Collected Papers'' v. 5, (paragraphs 188–189 ).〕 Thus, to abduce from involves determining that is sufficient, but not necessary, for . For example, suppose we observe that ''the lawn is wet''. If ''it rained last night'', then it would be unsurprising that ''the lawn is wet''. Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that ''it rained last night'' is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a single logical form covers all abduction);〔A Letter to J. H. Kehler (1911), ''New Elements of Mathematics'' v. 3, pp. 203–4, see under "(Retroduction )" at ''Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms''.〕however, some other process may have also resulted in a wet lawn, e.g. dew or lawn sprinklers. Moreover, abducing that ''it rained last night'' from the observation of a wet lawn can lead to false conclusion(s). Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from ''P'' to ''Q'' involves not simply a determination that ''Q'' is sufficient for ''P'', but also that ''Q'' is among the most economical explanations for ''P''. Simplification and economy both call for that "leap" of abduction.〔Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from (Draft D ) of Memoir 27: 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abductive reasoning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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